The kingdom(film)

The opening scene of the movie explains the origins of U.S.-Saudi diplomatic relations and how energy exploitation has transformed the Middle East through a timeline sequence. It portrays the conflicts that have risen since the late 1940s for the rightful ownership of the oil industry. This includes thePersian Gulf War in Iraq and al-Qaeda's growing network of terrorism. Eventually, it explains the 9/11 terrorist attacks and how the majority of the hijackers were Saudis. This raises serious questions on the relationship between Saudi Arabia and the United States. The plot begins with the current struggle of Saudi Arabia and the kingdom's efforts to stand control of their country against terrorist extremists.

During a softball game at an American oil company housing compound in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, al-Qaeda terrorists set off a bomb, killing many Americans and Saudis in the process. The terrorists impersonate members of the Saudi State Police. While one team hijacks a car and shoots at the residents of the area, another runs out onto the softball diamond, pretending to aid the Americans, but then reveals that he is a suicide bomber and blows himself up, killing everyone near him. Sergeant Haytham (Ali Suliman) of the Saudi state police, disables the stolen Saudi Police vehicle and kills the terrorists. A short time later, the FBI Legal Attaché in Saudi Arabia, Special Agent Francis Manner (Kyle Chandler), calls up his colleague Special Agent Ronald Fleury (Jamie Foxx) to tell him about the attack. Shortly afterwards, a second bomb explodes in the compound killing Manner and more people.

At FBI Headquarters in Washington, D.C., Fleury briefs his rapid deployment team on the attack and casualties. During the briefing, Special Agent Janet Mayes (Jennifer Garner), a forensic examiner, breaks down in tears upon hearing of Francis' death. Fleury whispers something into her ear which causes her to control her emotions. While the U.S. Justice Department and the U.S. State Department hinder FBI efforts to investigate the attack, Fleury blackmails the Saudi ambassador into allowing an FBI investigative team into Saudi Arabia. Departing from Andrews Air Force Base, Fleury and his team of Mayes, Leavitt (Jason Bateman), an intelligence analyst and Special Agent Grant Sykes (Chris Cooper), a bomb technician, go to Saudi Arabia. Arriving at Prince Sultan Air Base, they are met by Colonel Faris al-Ghazi (Ashraf Barhom), the commander of the Saudi State Police Force providing security at the compound. Fleury soon realizes that Colonel al-Ghazi is not in charge of running the investigation. In actuality, the investigation is being run by General Al Abdulmalik (Mahmoud Said) of the Saudi National Guard, who does not give Fleury and his team permission to investigate. Rather, they are to observe the Saudi investigation.

When the FBI team is invited to the palace of Saudi Prince Ahmed bin Khaled (Omar Berdouni) for a dinner, Mayes is excluded because of her gender. While at the palace, Fleury persuades the Prince that Colonel al-Ghazi is a natural detective and should be allowed to lead the investigation. With this new change in leadership, the Americans are allowed a more hands-on approach to the crime scene. While searching for evidence, Sergeant Haytham and Sykes discover that the second bomb was detonated in an ambulance, using marbles as projectiles. Fleury learns that the brother of one of the dead terrorists had access to ambulances and police uniforms. Colonel al-Ghazi orders a SWAT team to raid the house, managing to kill a few heavily armed terrorists. Following the raid, the team discovers valuable intelligence, including multiple photos of the U.S. and other Western embassies in Riyadh. Soon afterwards, Fleury and his team are notified by the U.S. Embassy Deputy Chief of Mission Damon Schmidt (Jeremy Piven) that they have been ordered to return to the United States. However, Fleury and al-Ghazi both believed that the men that they had just killed were just amateur fighters and were not the real planners behind the attacks.

On their way to King Khalid International Airport, Fleury notices a youth watching their convoy from an overpass, and then sees that the last SUV of their convoy has slowed down falling far behind. He then notices a speeding car coming towards them and grabs the wheel from Sergeant Haytham, which allows them to partially evade the collision that occurs when the speeding car runs into the first SUV of their convoy, setting off a trunk full of explosives. Their SUV, the third one in their convoy, hits the first SUV, killing the men inside. The fourth SUV finally drives up and the men inside pull out Leavitt, throw him into the back and drive away while a second car drives by to shoot the surviving Americans. Fleury manages to wound one attacker, and al-Ghazi commandeers a civilian vehicle to chase the fourth SUV and the other car into the dangerous Suweidi neighborhood of Riyadh. As they pull up, a gunman launches rocket-propelled grenades at them and a fierce firefight starts. Inside the complex, Leavitt is tied up and gagged while his attackers prepare to film a tape of them executing him.

After having killed their attackers, al-Ghazi decides that three of them must enter and find Leavitt and two must stay behind and cover the entrance. While Sykes and Haytham watch the entrance, al-Ghazi, Fleury and Mayes enter the building, following a blood trail and manage to finish off many other gunmen inside. Mayes, separate from the other two, scares a little girl in an apartment, and she enters to find a family with little children, their mother and grandfather. She yells at them to stay put and goes across the hall to another apartment to find Leavitt and his attackers. She kills the remaining insurgents, and al-Ghazi and the team start to leave. However, Mayes feels unsettled about the little girl, and walks in to give the girl a lollipop. In return, the girl gives her a marble, matching the ones pieced together earlier from the bomb scene. Fleury then realises that there is a trail of blood leading to the back of the apartment, and al-Ghazi sees the grandfather, suspects something and asks to help him up in order to inspect his hand. When the old man gives him his hand, al-Ghazi sees that the man is missing the fingers that^[3] are missing in the terrorist group's many videos and confirms his idea that the grandfather is the terrorist leader. Abu Hamza's teenage grandson walks out of the bedroom and manages to shoot al-Ghazi in the neck twice with a pistol before it jams, then he begins to point his gun at Mayes, prompting Fleury to kill him. Abu Hamza then feebly pulls out an assault rifle and Haytham puts three shots in his chest. As Abu Hamza dies, his granddaughter hugs him and Abu Hamza whispers something into her ear to calm the child down. Al-Ghazi dies in Fleury's arms.

At Al-Ghazi's house, Fleury and Haytham meet his family. Fleury tells his son that al-Ghazi was his good friend, mirroring a similar scene earlier in the movie where he comforted Special Agent Manner's son. Fleury and his team return to the U.S., where they are commended by FBI Director James Grace (Richard Jenkins) for their outstanding work. Afterwards, Leavitt asks Fleury what he had whispered to Mayes (earlier in the film) to calm her down. The scene cuts to Abu Hamza's daughter asking her own son what his grandfather whispered to him as he was dying. Fleury recalls saying, "We're gonna kill them all," while the grandson tells his mother, "Don't fear them, my child. We are going to kill them all.", implying never-ending vicious cycle resulted from the war.

pretty women

Edward Lewis (Richard Gere), a successful businessman and "corporate raider", takes a detour on Hollywood Boulevard to ask for directions. Receiving little help, he encounters a beautiful prostitute named Vivian Ward (Julia Roberts) who is willing to assist him in getting to his destination. After a car conversation, Edward ends up hiring Vivian to stay with him for a week as an escort for social events, Vivian advises him that it "will cost him", and he agrees to give her $3,000 and access to his credit cards. Vivian then goes shopping onRodeo Drive, only to find that she is snubbed by saleswomen who disdain her because of her hooker appearance. Initially, Hotel Manager Bernard Thompson (Hector Elizondo) is also somewhat taken aback by her, but relents, and decides to help her buy a dress, even coaching her on dinner etiquette. Edward returns and is visibly amazed by Vivian's transformation. The business dinner does not end well, and Edward is preoccupied with the deal afterward.

Vivian explains to Edward about her humiliation at the clothing boutique on Rodeo Drive the previous day. Edward takes Vivian on a shopping spree, after which she returns to the same shop that had snubbed her, telling the salesgirls they made a "huge mistake". The song "Oh, Pretty Woman" sets the scene for the famous shopping montage in the film. The following day, Edward takes Vivian to a polo match where he is interested in networking for his business deal. While Vivian chats to David Morse, the grandson of the man involved in Edward's latest deal, Philip, Edward's attorney, becomes worried she is a spy. Edward reassures him by telling him how they met, and Philip (Jason Alexander) then comes on to Vivian and insults her. When they return to the hotel, she is furious with Edward for telling Phillip about her, and plans to leave, but he apologizes and persuades her to see out the week.

Edward leaves work early the next day and takes a breath-takingly stunning Vivian on a date to the Opera in San Francisco in his private jet. She clearly is moved by the music, and says, "If I forget to tell you later, I had a really good time tonight." The two then make love, in a personal rather than professional way. Over breakfast, Edward offers to put her up in an apartment so he can continue seeing her, but she feels insulted and says this is not the "fairy tale" she wants. He then goes off to work without resolving the situation. Vivian's friend, Kit comes to the hotel and sees that she has fallen for him, although Vivian denies it.

Edward meets Morse, about to close the deal, and changes his mind at the last minute. His time with Vivian has shown him another way of living and working, taking time off and enjoying activities for which he initially had little time. As a result, his strong interest towards his business is put aside. He decides that he would rather help Morse than take over his company. Philip is livid, and goes to the hotel. Vivian is there and he blames her for changing Edward, then comes onto her again and then tries to rape her. Edward returns and pulls Philip off of Vivian and makes him leave. Vivian leaves, and is seen back at home with Kit, packing up to leave for San Francisco to get her life together by getting a GED and getting a job. Edward gets into the car with the chauffeur that took her home, and rather than going to the airport, he goes to her apartment and climbs up the fire escape, despite his fear of heights, with a rose in his teeth, to woo her. His leaping from the white limousine, and then climbing the outside ladder and steps, is a visual urban metaphor for the knight on white horse rescuing the "princess" from the tower, a childhood fantasy she'd told him about. The film ends as the two of them kiss on the fire escape.

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catch me if u can

Frank Abagnale Jr (Leonardo DiCaprio), 15 years old, lives happily in 1963 New Rochelle, New York with his father Frank Abagnale Sr (Christopher Walken), and French mother Paula (Nathalie Baye). When a loan for Frank Sr. is denied at Chase Manhattan Bank, due to a series of IRS tax frauds by Frank Sr., the family is forced to move from their grand home to a small apartment. Paula carries on an affair with Jack (James Brolin), a friend of her husband. In the meantime, Frank poses as a substitute teacher in his French class. Frank's parents file for divorce, and Frank runs away. When he runs out of money, he begins to use confidence scams. Frank's cons grow ever bolder and he even impersonates an airline pilot. He forges Pan Am payroll checks and succeeds in stealing over $2.8 million.

Meanwhile Carl Hanratty (Tom Hanks), an FBI bank fraud agent, begins to track down Frank with little help from his superiors. Carl and Frank meet in a hotel, where Frank convinces Carl his name is Barry Allen of the Secret Service. Frank leaves, with Carl angrily fooled. Later, at Christmas, Carl is still working when Frank calls him, attempting to apologize for duping Carl. Carl rejects his apology and tells him that he will soon be caught, but laughs when he realizes that Frank actually called him because he has no one else to talk to. Frank hangs up, and Carl continues to investigate, suddenly realizing (thanks to a coffee waiter) that the name "Barry Allen" is from the Flash comic books and that Frank is just a teenager.

Frank, meanwhile, has not only changed to becoming a doctor and being a lawyer, but has fallen in love with a girl named Brenda (Amy Adams) to whom he eventually admits the truth about himself and asks to run away with him. Carl tracks him to his wedding party where Frank has left Brenda, asking her to meet him two days later so they can elope. Frank sees her waiting two days later, but suddenly sees agents in disguise everywhere and realizes that he has been set up and escapes on a flight to Europe. Seven months later, Carl shows his boss that Frank has been forging checks all over the eastern hemisphere, and asks permission to go to Europe to look for him. When his boss denies him the permission, Carl brings Frank's checks to printing professionals who deem that the check was printed in France. Remembering from an interview with Paula, Frank's mother, that she was born in Montrichard, France, Carl goes there where he finds Frank, and tells him that the French police will kill him if he doesn’t go with Carl quietly. Frank assumes he is lying at first, but Carl promises Frank he would never lie to him, and Carl takes him outside, where the French police escort him to prison.

The scene then flashes forward to a plane returning Frank home from prison, where Carl informs him that his father has died. Consumed with grief, Frank escapes from his plane and goes back to his old house, where he finds his mother with the man she left his father for, as well as a girl that Frank realizes is his half-sister. Frank gives up and is sentenced to 12 years in prison, getting visits from time to time by Carl. When Frank easily points out how one of the checks Carl is carrying as evidence is fake, Carl gets an idea and calls for an interview by the FBI. At the interview, the FBI informs Frank that he can live out the remainder of his sentence working for the bank fraud department of the FBI, being in Carl's custody, to which Frank accepts. Though enjoying his semi-freedom and professional job, Frank misses the thrill of the chase and even attempts to fly as an airline pilot again. He is cornered by Carl, demanding again how he cheated on the Bar Exam, who insists that Frank will return at the end of the weekend, since there is no one chasing him, and that he is just a kid.

On Monday, Carl is nervous that Frank has not appeared to work yet and is almost regretful at assuming too much about Frank. However, Frank soon shows up and Carl informs him about their next case. During the examination, Carl asks one final time how Frank cheated on the Bar Exam, to which Frank replies that he did not—he had studied for only two weeks and actually passed the exam. Astounded, Carl asks him "Is that the truth, Frank?" to which Frank merely smiles. Carl smiles back and the two continue to investigate their next case. Lastly, it is revealed through scrolling text that Frank has been happily married for 26 years, has three sons, lives in the Midwest with his family, is still good friends with Carl, caught some of the world's most elusive money forgers and gets millions of dollars each year because of his work creating unforgeable checks.

beautiful mind

In 1947, John Nash (Russell Crowe) arrives at Princeton University as a new graduate student. He is a recipient of the prestigious Carnegie Prize for mathematics; although he was promised a single room, his roommate Charles Herman (Paul Bettany), a literature student, greets him as he moves in and soon becomes his best friend. Nash also meets a group of other promising math and science graduate students, Martin Hansen (Josh Lucas), Richard Sol (Adam Goldberg), Ainsley (Jason Gray-Stanford), and Bender (Anthony Rapp), with whom he strikes up an awkward friendship. Nash admits to Charles that he is better with numbers than he is with people.

The mathematics department chairman of Princeton informs Nash, who has missed many of his classes, that he cannot begin work until he finishes a thesis paper, prompting him to seek a truly original idea for the paper. A woman at the bar is what ultimately inspires his fruitful work in the concept of governing dynamics, a theory in mathematical economics. After the conclusion of Nash's studies as a student at Princeton, he accepts a prestigious appointment at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), along with his friends Sol and Bender.

In 1953, while teaching a class on calculus at MIT, he places a particularly interesting problem on the chalkboard that he dares his students to solve. He is not particularly interested in teaching and his delusions even cause him to miss the class. When a student, Alicia Larde (Jennifer Connelly), comes to his office to discuss why he did not show up, she also asks him to dinner and the two fall in love and eventually marry.

On a return visit to Princeton, Nash runs into his former roommate Charles and meets Charles' young niece Marcee (Vivien Cardone), whom he adores. Nash is invited to a secret Department of Defense facility in the Pentagon to crack a complexencryption of an enemy telecommunication. Nash is able to decipher the code mentally, to the astonishment of other codebreakers. Here, he encounters the mysterious William Parcher (Ed Harris), who belongs to the United States Department of Defense. Parcher observes Nash's performance from above, while partially concealed behind a screen. Parcher gives Nash a new assignment to look for patterns in magazines and newspapers, ostensibly to thwart a Soviet plot. He must write a report of his findings and place them in a specified mailbox. After being chased by Soviet agents and an exchange of gunfire, Nash becomes increasingly paranoid and begins to behave erratically.

After observing this erratic behavior, Alicia informs a psychiatric hospital. Later, while delivering a guest lecture at Harvard University, Nash realizes that he is being watched by a hostile group of people, and although he attempts to flee, he is forcibly sedated and sent to a psychiatric facility. Nash's internment seemingly confirms his belief that the Soviets are trying to extract information from him. He views the officials of the psychiatric facility as Soviet kidnappers. At one point, he gorily tries to dig out of his arm an implant he received at an unused warehouse on the MIT campus which was supposedly used as a listening facility by the DoD.

Alicia, desperate and obligated to help her husband, visits the mailbox and retrieves the never-opened "top secret" documents that Nash had delivered there. When confronted with this evidence, Nash is finally convinced that he has been hallucinating. The Department of Defense agent William Parcher and Nash's secret assignment to decode Soviet messages was in fact all a delusion. Even more surprisingly, Nash's "prodigal roommate" Charles and his niece Marcee are also products of his mind.

After a series of insulin shock therapy sessions, Nash is released on the condition that he agrees to take antipsychotic medication; however, the drugs create negative side-effects that affect his sexual and emotional relationship with his wife and, most dramatically, his intellectual capacity. Frustrated, Nash secretly stops taking his medication and hoards his pills, triggering a relapse of his psychosis.

In 1956, while bathing his infant son, Nash becomes distracted and wanders off. Alicia is hanging laundry in the backyard and observes that the back gate is open. She discovers that Nash has turned an abandoned shed in a nearby grove of trees into an office for his work for Parcher. Upon realizing what has happened, Alicia runs into the house to confront Nash and barely saves their child from drowning in the bathtub. When she confronts him, Nash claims that his friend Charles was watching their son. Alicia runs to the phone to call the psychiatric hospital for emergency assistance. Nash suddenly sees Parcher who urges him to kill his wife, but Nash angrily refuses to do such a thing. After Parcher points a gun at her, Nash lunges for him, accidentally knocking Alicia and the baby to the ground. Alicia flees the house in fear with their child, but Nash steps in front of her car to prevent her from leaving. After a moment, he tells Alicia, "She never gets old"--referring to Marcee, who, although years have passed since their first encounter, has remained exactly the same age and is still a little girl. Realizing the implications of this fact, he finally accepts that although all three people seem completely real, they are in fact part of his hallucinations.

Caught between the intellectual paralysis of the antipsychotic drugs and his delusions, Nash and Alicia decide to try to live with his abnormal condition. Nash consciously says goodbye to the three delusional characters forever in his attempts to ignore his hallucinations and not feed "his demons". He thanks Charles for being his best friend over the years, and says a tearful goodbye to Marcee, stroking her hair and calling her "baby girl", telling them both he would not speak to them anymore. They still continue to haunt him, with Charles mocking him for cutting off their friendship, but Nash learns to ignore them.

Nash grows older and approaches his old friend and intellectual rival, Martin Hansen, now head of the Princeton mathematics department, who grants him permission to work out of the library and audit classes. Even though Nash still suffers from hallucinations and mentions taking newer medications, he is ultimately able to live with and largely ignore his psychotic episodes. He takes his situation in stride and humorously checks to ensure that any new acquaintances are in fact real people, not hallucinations.

Nash eventually earns the privilege of teaching again. In 1994, Nash is honored by his fellow professors for his achievement in mathematics, and goes on to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics for his revolutionary work on game theory. Nash and Alicia are about to leave the auditorium in Stockholm, when Nash sees Charles, Marcee and Parcher standing and watching him with blank expressions on their faces. Alicia asks Nash, "What is it?" Nash replies, "Nothing. Nothing at all." With that, they both leave the auditorium.

list of Maharatna, Navaratna and miniratna in India

List of Maharatna, Navratna and Miniratna CPSEs

As per available information

(as on 24^th May, 2010)

Maharatna CPSEs

1. Indian Oil Corporation Limited
2. NTPC Limited
3. Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited
4. Steel Authority of India Limited

Navratna CPSEs

1. Bharat Electronics Limited
2. Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
3. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited
4. Coal India Limited
5. GAIL (India) Limited
6. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited
7. Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited
8. Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
9. National Aluminium Company Limited
10. NMDC Limited
11. Oil India Limited
12. Power Finance Corporation Limited
13. Power Grid Corporation of India Limited
14. Rural Electrification Corporation Limited
15. Shipping Corporation of India Limited

Miniratna Category - I CPSEs

1. Airports Authority of India

2. Balmer Lawrie & Co. Limited

3. Bharat Dynamics Limited

4. BEML Limited

5. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited

6. Bongaigaon Refineries & Petrochemicals Limited

7. Central Warehousing Corporation

8. Central Coalfields Limited

9. Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited

10. Cochin Shipyard Limited

11. Container Corporation of India Limited

12. Dredging Corporation of India Limited

13. Engineers India Limited

14. Ennore Ports Limited

15. Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Limited

16. Goa Shipyard Limited

17. Hindustan Copper Limited

18. Hindustan Latex Limited

19. Hindustan Newsprint Limited

20. Hindustan Paper Corporation Limited

21. Housing & Urban Development Corporation Limited

22. India Tourism Development Corporation Limited

23. Indian Railway Catering & Tourism Corporation Limited

24. IRCON International Limited

25. Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited

26. Mazagaon Docks Limited

27. Mahanadi Coalfields Limited

28. Manganese Ore India Limited

29. Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals Limited

30. Mishra Dhatu Nigam Limited

31. MMTC Limited

32. MSTC Limited

33. National Fertilizers Limited

34. Neyveli Lignite Corporation

35. NHPC Limited

36. Northern Coalfields Limited

37. Numaligarh Refinery Limited

38. Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited

39. Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited

40. RITES Limited

41. Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam Limited

42. Security Printing and Minting Corporation of India Limited

43. South Eastern Coalfields Limited

44. State Trading Corporation of India Limited

45. Tehri Hydro Development Corporation Limited

46. Telecommunications Consultants (India) Limited

47. Western Coalfields Limited

Miniratna Category-II CPSEs

48. Broadcast Engineering Consultants (I) Limited

49. Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Limited

50. Educational Consultants (I) Limited

51. Engineering Projects (I) Limited

52. Ferro Scrap Nigam Limited

53. HMT (International) Limited

54. HSCC (India) Limited

55. India Trade Promotion Organization

56. Indian Medicines Pharmaceuticals Corporation Limited

57. M E C O N Limited

58. National Film Development Corporation Limited

59. P E C Limited

60. Rajasthan Electronics & Instruments Limited

61. Water & Power Consultancy (India) Limited

Stress meaning

STRESS - MEANING

Stress is a biological term which refers to the consequences of the failure of a human or animal to respond appropriately to emotional or physical threats to the organism, whether actual or imagined.^[1] It includes a state of alarm and adrenaline production, short-term resistance as a coping mechanism, and exhaustion. Common stress symptoms include irritability, muscular tension, inability to concentrate and a variety of physical reactions, such as headaches and elevated heart rate.

The force, or combination of forces, which produces a strain; force exerted in any direction or manner between contiguous bodies, or parts of bodies, and taking specific names according to its direction, or mode of action, as thrust or pressure, pull or tension, shear or tangential stress.

Stress in Psychological Term:

(psychology) a state of mental or emotional strain or suspense; "he suffered from fatigue and emotional tension"; "stress is a vasoconstrictor"

CAUSES OF STRESS

The situations and pressures that cause stress are known as stressors. We usually think of stressors as being negative, such as an exhausting work schedule or a rocky relationship.

However, anything that puts high demands on you or forces you to adjust can be stressful. This includes positive events such as getting married, buying a house, going to college, or receiving a promotion.

What causes stress depends, at least in part, on your perception of it. Something that's stressful to you may not faze someone else; they may even enjoy it.

For example, your morning commute may make you anxious and tense because you worry that traffic will make you late. Others, however, may find the trip relaxing because they allow more than enough time and enjoy listening to music while they drive.

Top Ten Stressful Life Events

1. Spouse’s death
2. Divorce
3. Marriage separation
4. Jail term
5. Death of a close relative
6. Injury or illness
7. Marriage
8. Fired from job
9. Marriage reconciliation
10. Retirement

Common external causes of stress

Not all stress is caused by external factors. Stress can also be self-generated:

Major life changes Work Relationship difficulties

Financial problems Being too busy Children and family

Common internal causes of stress

Not all stress is caused by external factors. Stress can also be self-generated:

Inability to accept uncertainty Pessimism Negative self-talk

Unrealistic expectations Perfectionism Lack of assertiveness

Stress Warning Signs and Symptoms

Cognitive Symptoms	Emotional Symptoms
Memory problems Inability to concentrate Poor judgment Seeing only the negative Anxious or racing thoughts Constant worrying	Moodiness Irritability or short temper Agitation, inability to relax Feeling overwhelmed Sense of loneliness and isolation Depression or general unhappiness
Physical Symptoms	Behavioral Symptoms
Aches and pains Diarrhea or constipation Nausea, dizziness Chest pain, rapid heartbeat Loss of sex drive Frequent colds	Eating more or less Sleeping too much or too little Isolating yourself from others Procrastinating or neglecting responsibilities Using alcohol, cigarettes, or drugs to relax Nervous habits (e.g. nail biting, pacing)

Dealing with stress and its symptoms

Learn how to manage stress

Strengthen your relationships

Learn how to relax

Invest in your emotional health

WORK RELATED STRESS

Stress at work is a relatively new phenomenon of modern lifestyles. The nature of work has gone through drastic changes over the last century and it is still changing at whirlwind speed. They have touched almost all professions, starting from an artist to a surgeon, or a commercial pilot to a sales executive. With change comes stress, inevitably. Professional stress or job stress poses a threat to physical health. Work related stress in the life of organized workers, consequently, affects the health of organizations

Job stress is a chronic disease caused by conditions in the workplace that negatively affect an individual`s performance and/or overall well-being of his body and mind. One or more of a host of physical and mental illnesses manifests job stress. In some cases, job stress can be disabling. In chronic cases a psychiatric consultation is usually required to validate the reason and degree of work related stress.

Working on a project on stress at work, Andy Ellis, Ruskin College, Oxford, UK, has shown in a chart how stress can adversely affect an employee`s performance. In the early stages job stress can `rev up` the body and enhance performance in the workplace, thus the term `I perform better under pressure`. However, if this condition is allowed to go unchecked and the body is revved up further, the performance ultimately declines and the person`s health degenerates.

SYMPTOMS OF JOB STRESS:

The signs of job stress vary from person to person, depending on the particular situation, how long the individual has been subjected to the stressors, and the intensity of the stress itself.

Typical symptoms of job stress can be:

• Insomnia

•Loss of mental concentration,

•Anxiety, stress

• Absenteeism

• Depression,

• Substance abuse,

•Extreme anger and frustration,

• Family conflict

• Physical illnesses such as heart disease, migraine, headaches, stomach problems, and back problems.

Causes of Workplace Stress

Job stress may be caused by a complex set of reasons. Some of the most visible causes of workplace stress are:

Job Insecurity

High Demand for Performance

Technology

Workplace Culture

Personal or Family Problems

Job Stress and Women

Individual Stress

Linked to Adolescent

The five factors used to determine the individual stressor index for the adolescents were:

Academic problems

Consumption of drugs and alcohol

Depression or poor mental health levels

Acting out or aggressive behaviors

Lack of future orientation

How to Reduce Stress

The reasons for stress are with us each and every day of our lives, so our stress relieving solutions should be too. So, here are some recommended suggestions to help us relieve stress that should be done periodically even if you do not think it is necessary.

• First, each day take some time for yourself. I know this may seem impossible with a busy schedule, but the problem is a continuously busy schedule. Learn how to do less if your schedule is packed each and every day. If you collapse exhausted in bed each and every day, then this suggestion is for you.

I personally try to take an hour before going to bed to decompress. I either watch a relaxing television show (not one of those attention getting drama shows), solve a crossword puzzle, or play computer games.

• Second, at the end of the day in bed or when you are brushing your teeth, consciously think how you felt throughout the day and why. Think what you will do differently next time, and not what you should have done differently.
• Third, at least once a week, meet up with your friends and laugh a bit. I find that relaxing with friends over a long lunch reduces stress considerably. And laughing is a quick and easy way to relax and reduce stress immediately. I think we all need to laugh more in our daily lives.
• Fourth, when you find yourself stressed out, stop and take a few slow deep breaths. This will help you relax and put things into perspective. You should notice that you will then be able to think about whatever caused you so much stress with less stress.
• Fifth and most hardest, is take periodic and regular time off from your most stressful activity. If it is your work, take off work early and go walking or to go to a park for an hour or so. We never realize how much we are really stressed out, until we break out of our regular schedule and do something relaxing. Even if you love your work or family, slightly varying your routine with something relaxing will greatly reduce stress.
• Sixth, sleep. It is estimated that a typical adult needs an average of 7 to 9 hours of sleep each night. However, a lot of us function with a lot less hours of sleep, yet this is one of the fundamental foundations of stress. Getting not enough sleep, makes people much more stressed out even for the most trivial activities. So, take a nap and sleep more.
• Seventh, exercise. Exercise has proven to help both the body and mind relax, yet few of us exercise. I am definitely guilty of this because I do not make enough time to exercise, so who am I to say how exercise helps handling stress? Try it and let me know.
• Finally, your diet can affect stress. A healthy diet allows the body and mind to cope with stress better. Additionally, decreasing stimulants, such as caffeine and sugar, has been proven reduce stress too. So when we are stressed out, avoid junk food and eat healthy foods. The foods that we were taught are “comfort foods” are actually quite the opposite.

Burn out

Burnout is a psychological term for the experience of long-term exhaustion and diminished interest. Research indicates general practitioners have the highest proportion of burnout cases (according to a recent Dutch study in Psychological Reports, no less than 40% of these experienced high levels of burnout). Burnout is not a recognized disorder in the DSM

Burnout - An Introduction

Burnout happens when people who have previously been highly committed to a job lose all interest and motivation. Sadly, this can spell the end of a successful career.

It mainly strikes highly-committed, passionate, hard working and successful people – and it therefore holds a special fear for those who care passionately about their careers and about the work they do.

“A state of fatigue or frustration brought about by devotion to a cause, way of life, or relationship that failed to produce the expected reward.” – Herbert J Freudenberger

PHASES

Psychologists Herbert Freudenberger and Gail North have theorized that the burnout process can be divided into 12 phases, which are not necessarily followed sequentially:

A compulsion to prove oneself

Working harder

Neglecting one's own needs

Displacement of conflicts (the person does not realize the root cause of the distress)

Revision of values (friends or hobbies are completely dismissed)

Denial of emerging problems (cynicism and aggression become apparent)

Withdrawal (reducing social contacts to a minimum, becoming walled off; alcohol or other substance abuse may occur)

Behavioral changes become obvious to others

Inner emptiness

Depression

Burnout syndrome

COPING WITH BURNOUT

There are a variety of ways that both individuals and organizations can deal with burnout. In his book, Newton (1995) argues that many of the remedies related to burnout are motivated not from an employee's perspective, but from the organization's perspective. Despite that, if there are benefits to coping strategies, then it would follow that both organizations and individuals should attempt to adopt some burnout coping strategies. Below are some of the more common strategies with dealing with burnout.

Organizational aspects

Employee assistance programs (EAP)

Stress management training

Stress interventions

Individual aspects

Problem-based coping

On an individual basis, employees can cope with the problems related to burnout and stress by focusing on the causes of their stress. This type of coping has successfully been linked to reductions in individual stress.

Appraisal-based coping

Appraisal-based coping strategies deal with individual interpretations of what is and is not a stress inducing activity. There have been mixed findings related to the effectiveness of appraisal-based coping strategies.

Social support

Social support has been seen as one of the largest predictors toward a reduction in burnout and stress for workers. Creating an organizationally-supportive environment as well as ensuring that employees have supportive work environments do mediate the negative aspects of burnout and stress.